Here are five essays about the issue that everyone should know: “We need an economic bill of rights” – Martin Luther King Jr. These feelings of ‘self-worth’ and ‘self-regard’ are very vital in determining the development of the personality. In short, Mischel’s views while professing to be cognitive behavioural, appear to be similar to a general cognitive and orientation. Of course, there have been different approaches to this problem. Even the rate at which a person gets conditioned in a conditioning experiment has been used as a behavioural measure of personality. This is ascertained for each response on each card. The cards are exposed to the person one after the other, each for a time period of a maximum of five minutes. When we talk of ‘personality’, it is very natural to question what are the units of personality? Theory of human personality Intro to essay 2 q1 DescriptionSummarize Freud’s theory of human, Piaget’s approach to human development, and Mead’s view of the development of the self. Today, the field of personality measurement is highly developed and is finding application in a number of situations such as personnel selection, treatment of psychological disorders, etc. Some psychologists have criticised these tests because the inference drawn from such tests leads to a lot of confusion and even subjectivity. While there is no generally agreed upon definition of personality, most theories focus on motivation and psychological interactions with one's environment. The most accepted scholarly taxonomy of personality traits, known as the Five Factor Model, classifies personality characteristics into five major factors. A major-part response is called a ‘D’. Sometimes, ratings are done by comparison against descriptions or actual models of different levels of a particular trait. Some of these were meant to be used in special situations like hospitals for instance, while others were meant for general use. At the same time, the minimal amount of structuring helps in bringing out certain definite contents. While the ink blots essentially remain the same, variations have been introduced to enable administration of the test to a group of people, provision of multiple choice alternative responses from which the individual has to choose and also in techniques of interpretation. This test was developed by Bellak. Describe Your Personality (Essay Sample) August 31, 2017 by admin Essay Samples, Free Essay Samples. The exact technique of measurement used, depends on the purpose envisaged, the type of person whose personality is being assessed, the preferences, and biases of the particular psychologist. Personality is the main motivation of the human classification since it provides a chance for every individual to display a certain set of behaviors (Fittskirk & Shohov, 2003). Over the years, however, several psychologists have found it necessary to change this descriptive and static concept of personality. The trait, type, factorial and dimensional approaches have primarily assumed a structural approach and have attempted to identify the basic units or types of personality structure. The mechanisms of imitation and identification which play an important role in the development of personality make it necessary that adults should set proper examples for the younger generation. Personality A good illustration of such a scheme is the one of studying behaviour under specific responses, habits, traits and dimensions, propounded by Eysenck. 638 Primary Personality Traits. This approach tends to view personality as a growing, developing and unfolding process and it can never be completely developed. The former were mostly academics working in universities and colleges, following the “analytical and elemental approach” of classical ‘pure’ science, while most of the authors of type theories were practising psychiatrists or clinical psychologists, or psychoanalysts, whose main concern was diagnosis, classification and treatment. The problem is relatively easy in the case of intelligence tests and also aptitude tests. Behavioural measures are very useful where people cannot give verbal response to a questionnaire or a projective test. The type approach, looked for ‘broad, typical and characteristic patterns of behaviour to classify people.’. Some people refer to the physical appearance like height, weight, colour, body built, dress, voice, etc. A person with a stable personality generally responds in a calm and quiet manner even under stressful situations, in contrast to a person with an unstable personality. Such an approach is called the structural approach to personality. Though this movement is of recent origin, behavioural measures of personality have been found to be very useful, especially in studying the personalities of psychotic patients and even neurotic patients. Essay, Essay on Personality, Human Behaviour, Personality, Psychology. The organismic approach emphasises that human behaviour is always purposive, futuristic-oriented, goal-directed and looks for clear meanings in the environment and it is this last characteristic that draws it close to the phenomenological approach. From the responses or ratings inference is made about the personality. But, nevertheless, it cannot be said that the present day psychologists have been able to either discover or unravel all the facts and mysteries of personality. These play an important role in shaping one’s social behaviour. But a global assessment requires that the persons carrying out the assessments have the ability to make accurate and comprehensive observations. Thus one may see the difference between an “optimist” and a “pessimist”. Describe Your Personality. According to them, any attempt to explain the nature of human personality must be made in the context of the social and cultural factors under which an individual lives, and it may not be very correct to talk of universal traits, qualities or elements apart from basic physiological needs and abilities. MBTI personality theory provides a very valuable insight into the inner workings of the human mind. Thus, researches in the areas of perception, learning and other behavioural processes have shown that these processes are determined by certain stable and consistent factors in the person. It could be traced to the views of Kant, Husserel, Brentano, Carl Stumpf and Ehrenfer on the one hand. In other cases, the questions may be given without alternative answers and the person can answer them in his or her own words, thus being able to answer more freely. Here instead of giving questions or statements, certain situations are described and different alternative responses are given. It is further assumed that from the observations and responses all aspects of personality, can be directly observed and measured; hence these are called direct measures of personality. However, these two approaches, both the trait approach and the type approach came in for severe criticism and this led to the emergence of the phenomenological approach. The motivational, and conative factors have been totally neglected, and above all the fact of ‘individuality’. There is an integration and organisation of these various processes which gives a total meaning to the behaviour of a person. Consistency in behaviour results from repeated learning of certain behavioural patterns, resulting in stimulus generalisation and response generalization. Personality has a structural and a functional component. In view of the above problems, another approach, known as the analytic approach, is employed. These remarks are analysed and on the basis of that, the frustration tolerance is analysed. some people are outgoing whereas others are shy), and influence behavior. In this context Rotter propounded the concept of Locus of Control and classified people into externals and internals. Some psychologists like Eysenck are very critical of projective tests. In this connection, he employs what is known as functional analysis of behaviour. While most of the other theorists looked for a stable and permanent structure that could be identified as personality, Lewin took a dynamic view of personality. Personality as a Descriptive Concept: Essay # 4. These types of laws are there because someone else says that it is wrong to do these things. All this ties into the idea of libido, or our desires. It is not clear what uplifts and what degrades human personality because it is human nature to, Sir Gawain and the Green Knight and Beowulf Essay, Fate and Love in A Midsummer Night's Dream Essay. A number of incomplete sentences are given and the individual is required to complete them. The biological perspective is strongly based on other scientific fields in laboratory or clinical conditions such as biology and biochemistry. It influences the behaviour of an individual. Psychological researches even today are not free from the controversy between these two views, the dynamic view, on the one hand and the static descriptive view, on the other. Again, in many instances, a combination of techniques is employed. Further, they should also have the ability to integrate the assessment of individual components into a single total measure. I was also able to learn much more about the career that I may be pursuing in the future, as well as the people in the field similar to it. Rosenzweig developed an adult form and a children’s form of this test. The ratio of colour and form responses are assumed to be an indicator of the personality. Therefore, in recent years, perceptual activities, learning activities, etc. Welcome to PsychologyDiscussion.net! One of the best known sentence completion tests was developed by Sacks. Psychodynamic Approach to Personality: Essay # 6. According to Bandura, people’s behaviour patterns, affective and cognitive, influence similar processes in others and also the environment. Traits are in contrast to states which are more transitory dispositions, psychoanalysis began his work in the 1880’s, treating the chaos of hysteria first, listening to his patients talk through their problems. Their research showed that some forms of behaviour are to a large extent determined by the type of personality. Childhood experiences play an important and determining role in the formation of personality. For example, when a maid-servant drops and breaks a beautiful and valuable antique lamp, the house-wife feels frustrated. 7. Anything from the way a person eats a meal, talks, laughs, drives a car, or enters a classroom and takes a seat affects this unique personality. Driven by one’s needs, the individual interacts with the environment and in this process the personality develops. Understanding human behavior as reflected upon within the psychology perspective, personality theories plays a very critical environment where it is much easy to understand human behavior through different perspectives. Every person has a different personality and some personalities mesh better than others. Personality type refers to the psychological classification of different types of individuals. Some of the points on which general agreement has been reached are mentioned below: 1. For example. The enquiry concerns itself with finding out from the subject the following details: This refers to the location of the response on a particular card – whether the subject perceived the response in the whole blot or a major part or a minor part or a very small part. In addition, responses are also categorized as original or popular. Some people would not like to receive credit or win easily without working hard. 8. These attributes are essential not only for personality questionnaires or inventories but for all tools of psychological measurement. According to Rotter, the behaviour of any individual in a situation normally is influenced by what the person expects to happen after a particular action on his part, and further, how much value the person places on this expected outcome. An example of this is seat belt laws that try to prevent anyone from getting seriously hurt in the event of a car accident. Freud saw all human behavior motivated by our libido. (f) The personality of another person can be understood only if we can look at the world through the other person’s eyes. 3. But certainly we are in a much better position today than where we were a few decades ago. This is called reliability. Examples of laws like this would be: wearing a seat belt, the possession of guns, the right to abortion, and the ability to buy alcohol on Sundays. According to him, the world will come to a disastrous end soon, and therefore there is no point in trying to improve things or people. As a strong proponent of human psychology, I've always strived for knowing more about the inner world of people around me. Functional analysis would therefore go in for careful observation of the behaviour, the situation under which it occurs, study how it has been reinforced in the past, and finally decide upon a more adaptive response like ‘assertive behaviour’, plan a schedule of reinforcement and establish the same behaviour. The personality of an individual has certain characteristics which he shares with others and at the same time certain other characteristics which are unique to him. Thus, they explain personality in terms of what it contains rather than in terms what’ it is. In other situations the frustration may be of a different kind. 3. (e) The emphasis is on typical human characteristics like consciousness, self-awareness, creativity, the active ability to make decisions to deal with the environment etc. The major psychodynamic explanation was that of Freud as espoused in his psychoanalytic theory. Each right plays a major role in the well-being of any human. 5. Thus, a young child who returns from school and has his milk moves into the region of play. Two of the prominent psychologists associated with this approach are Kurt Lewin & Goldstein. Category: Essays and Paragraphs On July 18, 2019 By Ananda. On the other hand, the provision of models may bias the rater to fit the rating to some particular model. They are based on the verbal responses of the person and on the assumption that personality is something underlying and is to be inferred. The process of ‘self- development’ is also guided by the evaluation of others. The paper will explore Allen’s personality and the relationship between those past experiences and maladjustment. Personality traits are durable dispositions of behaviour that occur across a variety of situations. Behaviour measures used are learning on a mirror-drawing board, perception of reversible figures, etc. The individual is told that the story should clearly indicate the following: (a) Who is the hero or the main character? But to create laws to prevent rapes from occurring is unjust. Based on the concept of operant conditioning. For example, a child does not have a very mark-able distinction between itself and the environment, but gradually this distinction ceases. From such revelations the trained psychologist is able to draw inferences about the personality. The personality of an individual, to a large extent, remains stable. 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